Complications

Chronic kidney disease may also be identified when it leads to one of its recognized complications, such as cardiovascular disease, Anaemia . Chronic kidney failure can affect almost every part of your body. These complications are:

• Renal osteodystrophy(including the role of secondary hyperparathyroidism).Renal osteodystrophy is a bone disease that occurs when your kidneys fail to maintain the proper levels of calcium and phosphorus in your blood. Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a complication of chronic kidney disease. SHPT occurs when the parathyroid glands overproduce parathyroid hormone (PTH) as a result of low calcium levels.The overproduction of parathyroid hormone in the parathyroid glands in the neck is also known as Hyperparathyroidism. An active form of Vitamin D is produced by the healthy kidneys. Less calcium in the body let the parathyroid gland to release parathyroid hormone. The pathogeny of renal osteodystrophy is related to metabolic disorders Of Calcium, Phosphorus and Vitamin D.
• lLack of bone mineralization causes weak bones and an increased risk of bone fractures.
• Inflammation: Decreased immune response, which makes you more vulnerable to infection. Pericarditis as inflammation of the sac-like membrane that envelops your heart (pericardium) The consequences of a chronically activated immune system impact on the myocardial fibrosis, development of heart dysfunction, acceleration of atherosclerosis, increased muscle catabolism, vascular calcification and such as vascular degeneration, loss of appetite, insulin resistance, and anemia.
• Bleeding problems are also very common among people with chronic kidney disease. This is because of the complex blood factor changes that happens in the patients' body. The Symptoms are: prolonged clotting time, easy bruising, blood in stools, nose bleeding and gastrointestinal bleeding.
• Nutritional disturbances (such as protein-energy malnutrition)
• Kidney disease patients , especially when in the chronic stage will have respond sleep disturbances. Sleeping problems are really common among people with kidney failure.
• Anemia: Anemia is defined as a reduction in one or more of the major red blood
  cell measurements: hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, or red blood cell count. The World Health Organization defines anemia as a hemoglobin level less than 13 g/dL in men and postmenopausal women, and less than 12 g/dL in premenopausal women. Normally, kidneys produces a hormone called "erythropoeitin" or EPO. EPO triggers the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. It follows when the kidneys fail, there is less EPO being produced and so there would be less RBC therefore anemia would occur. RBCs carry hemoglobin (Hgb), a protein which carries oxygen all throughout the body. in healthy kidneys, it senses the blood flow through the kidneys. If it does not have enough blood flow, then what happens is that it goes and stimulates erythropoeitin to go and act on the cells to produce bone marrow and develop new red blood cells. For the patient who is anemic, who's not delivering enough oxygen to the organs and tissues of the body, the heart has to work harder to compensate for this, and a well known compensation for anemia is that the heart will beat harder -- cardiac output increases, heart rate increases, stroke volume increases, and, over the years of increased work, left ventricular hypertrophy, a maladaptive compensation state, develops. When you have an adequate amount of blood, that then induces the kidney to turn off the production of erythropoeitin. decreased erythropoietin synthesis is the most important and specific etiology causing kidney disease associated anemia.
• Risk of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular problems can be a cause and complication of chronic kidney disease. Irrespective of diagnosis, the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals with chronic kidney disease can be involved.
• Nerve damage: Chronic kidney disease is a critical and rapidly growing global health problem. Neurological disturbances as one of complications occur in almost all patients with kidney patients over time, potentially affecting all levels of the nervous system. Damage to your central nervous system, which can cause difficulty concentrating, personality changes or seizures. Autonomic dysfunction is a common and potentially life-threatening complication of kidney disease which is chronic, and can occur in the absence of length-dependent uremic neuropathy. Usually, patients on dialysis has cognitive impairment typically manifesting as a vascular-type dementia with prominent deficits in executive functions. Decreased sex drive or impotence is also common symptom of autonomic dysfunction in kidney disease patients, and it happen in male patients. Other common clinical features include bladder and bowel dysfunction, impaired sweating, and orthostatic intolerance.
• Fluid retention, which could lead to swelling in your arms and legs, hypertension or fluid in your lungs (pulmonary edema).
• Pregnancy complications that carry risks for the mother and the developing fetus
  Irreversible damage to your kidneys (end-stage kidney disease), eventually requiring either dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.
• A sudden rise in potassium levels in your blood (hyperkalemia), which could impair your heart's ability to function and may be life-threatening Cardiovascular disease. Hyperkalemia describe the situation when blood potassium level surpass 5.5mmol/L. Generally, hyperkalemia commonly occurs to patients with renal disease,and especially to patients who has signs from Anuria or oliguria.